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Responsibilities - and some limits
Condition for expropriations: "Necessity and public utility" (ref. Constitution PE §70)
Consequences: The "Southern Central Macroregion" can build their Apurimac-Ayacucho-Ica railway - if the Macroregion decide.
Alternatively too a commonwealth of Regions /Municipalities along the route - too can do it.
- and the regions of Cajamarca, Lambayeque and Piura together can construct a railway fromCelendín to Bayovar - if they desire
Consequences: The "Southern Central Macroregion" can build their Apurimac-Ayacucho-Ica railway - if the Macroregion decide.
Alternatively too a commonwealth of Regions /Municipalities along the route - too can do it.
- and the regions of Cajamarca, Lambayeque and Piura together can construct a railway fromCelendín to Bayovar - if they desire
Infrastructure is everything as connect a country, a city, a society
Infrastructure of a country - any type of infrastructure - is the responsibility of society, and this is to be established by its elected or non-elected authorities.
A free society cannot escape from this responsibility by concessions, privatizations or similar 'Neo-Liberal tricks',
because infrastructure is what unite and connect the country /society - and therefore it is property of the society.
because infrastructure is what unite and connect the country /society - and therefore it is property of the society.
![[ img - trainLoader-silo4.jpg ]](imgp/trainLoader-silo4.jpg)
![[ img - trainloading2.jpg ]](imgp/trainloading2.jpg)
A NODE is a point in a infrastructure network - or between two networks
Within a node the owner has the authority to organize as he wants - but in accordance with the laws and rules of society - of course.
A landowner can make his track where he wants over his fields. A districtal, provincial or regional authority can place its roads, their own trams and railroads. A "macro-region" can do the same.
The mines, who have bought, rented or granted their land, decide within the same plot. In principle they can exploit and sell as they want - and pay the State for what is extracted.
A payment in relation of what type of ore is mined - naturally.
All equipment and buildings inside the mine lot is: Decision of the Mining Company. For example: Where to lay down their own RAILS for trains within the land of the mine itself. Where and how to load the wagons. By mobile rolling equipment - or by mechanized fixed installations of silos, hoppers and transportbands etc.
This is NOT the responsibility of society.
A landowner can make his track where he wants over his fields. A districtal, provincial or regional authority can place its roads, their own trams and railroads. A "macro-region" can do the same.
The mines, who have bought, rented or granted their land, decide within the same plot. In principle they can exploit and sell as they want - and pay the State for what is extracted.
A payment in relation of what type of ore is mined - naturally.
All equipment and buildings inside the mine lot is: Decision of the Mining Company. For example: Where to lay down their own RAILS for trains within the land of the mine itself. Where and how to load the wagons. By mobile rolling equipment - or by mechanized fixed installations of silos, hoppers and transportbands etc.
This is NOT the responsibility of society.
The surrounding society
Mining companies - regardless of their country of origin - are and have to be a natural part of society where they work, and they therefore must follow the same rules and common laws of society.
Inside a country the society itself alternatively a commonwealth of Regions/Municipalities as well.has to build the infrastructure, which the society needs: in this case the rails for trains - too mine trains. The responsibility of the ENAFER authority will start at the exit gate of the mine, and ENAFER will direct the train on all its network.
Inside a country the society itself alternatively a commonwealth of Regions/Municipalities as well.has to build the infrastructure, which the society needs: in this case the rails for trains - too mine trains. The responsibility of the ENAFER authority will start at the exit gate of the mine, and ENAFER will direct the train on all its network.
![[ img - unloader.jpg ]](imgp/unloader.jpg)
![[ img side-dumper.jpg ]](imgp/side-dumper.jpg)
Who owns locomotive and wagons IS NOT business of ENAFER.
Nor is ENAFER going to drive these trains. Like trucks and buses on the highways, the trains are privately owned and come with their own driver.
The trains will pay tolls per ton, per train and/or per kilometer - and not for the value of the minerals.
The rule for everyone: That man as pays, he decides - to rent, to buy own train, to create a "United Transport Company" together with other mining companies or simply to hire a professional transport company - - - but all trains technically need to comply with ENAFER standards, just as any truck needs to meet the MTC regulations for transit.
If the final customer of the ore lives in Asia, the delivery of the ore is in Asia. For example: A contract with India to deliver 20 million tons of iron per year. This iron needs to be extracted from a mine in the mountains and then pass through a transport chain and perhaps some processings before being delivered to a port in India.
The trains will pay tolls per ton, per train and/or per kilometer - and not for the value of the minerals.
The rule for everyone: That man as pays, he decides - to rent, to buy own train, to create a "United Transport Company" together with other mining companies or simply to hire a professional transport company - - - but all trains technically need to comply with ENAFER standards, just as any truck needs to meet the MTC regulations for transit.
If the final customer of the ore lives in Asia, the delivery of the ore is in Asia. For example: A contract with India to deliver 20 million tons of iron per year. This iron needs to be extracted from a mine in the mountains and then pass through a transport chain and perhaps some processings before being delivered to a port in India.
The port and its equipment
Transportation from the mine is by rail and ends at an export port. The mine decides which port for exportation, because the mine is the owner of the cargo. It is also the responsibility of the mine to organize reception of the mineral ore in the port, and there store it until a mineral bulker can arrive.
That include too a system to empty the wagons and deposit the material in silos. And for this reason the wagons are normally built as tippers which are to be emptied directly down into the store from a position above the silos - or alternatively into a receptor hopper and then lifted by a belt conveyor and dropped into a silo.
Silo storage requires another mechanical system to extract the ore bulk from the silo,for then to pass a shiploader with a capacity of a few thousand tons per hour to be able to load an ore bulker in a few days.
That include too a system to empty the wagons and deposit the material in silos. And for this reason the wagons are normally built as tippers which are to be emptied directly down into the store from a position above the silos - or alternatively into a receptor hopper and then lifted by a belt conveyor and dropped into a silo.
Silo storage requires another mechanical system to extract the ore bulk from the silo,for then to pass a shiploader with a capacity of a few thousand tons per hour to be able to load an ore bulker in a few days.
A long voyage over the seas
![[ img - dryBulker.jpg ]](imgp/dryBulker.jpg)
Well loaded, the ship will sail for some months to cross the sea and reach her destination, where she will unload the ore and return. With distances 15-20,000kM - two times to return, there are probably a maximum of 4-6 trips per year for each ship.
Peru hold 2000 kilometers of coastline and 700,000 square kilometers which is its MARITIME TERRITORY = as is more than 50% of the Peruvian land area.
However, Peru does NOT have any "MARITIME AWARENESS". In the Peruvian ship roster there are around 30 ships available - and none of them are mineral carriers - and naturally all the 30 ships are occupied with other business.
It is a situation a bit sad. This not being able to transport their own products, has as consequence, that Peru (= the Peruvian mines) need to hire foreign carriers (bulkers) to make their oversea "delivery".
Fortunately, this situation is foreseen in Law 28,583 - "Law for Reactivation and Promotion of the National Merchant Marine"
As a result of the Law, there is the option, that these foreign carriers, who have ships available, can fly their ships with the Peruvian flag, by registering their ships in the Peruvian registry. This transfer will give certain advantages to Peru. Especially if a congress decides to declare minerals from the mines as Peruvian, until delivered to the client abroad - or alternatively until the mineral has obtained some added value by processing in Peru.
Peru hold 2000 kilometers of coastline and 700,000 square kilometers which is its MARITIME TERRITORY = as is more than 50% of the Peruvian land area.
However, Peru does NOT have any "MARITIME AWARENESS". In the Peruvian ship roster there are around 30 ships available - and none of them are mineral carriers - and naturally all the 30 ships are occupied with other business.
It is a situation a bit sad. This not being able to transport their own products, has as consequence, that Peru (= the Peruvian mines) need to hire foreign carriers (bulkers) to make their oversea "delivery".
Fortunately, this situation is foreseen in Law 28,583 - "Law for Reactivation and Promotion of the National Merchant Marine"
As a result of the Law, there is the option, that these foreign carriers, who have ships available, can fly their ships with the Peruvian flag, by registering their ships in the Peruvian registry. This transfer will give certain advantages to Peru. Especially if a congress decides to declare minerals from the mines as Peruvian, until delivered to the client abroad - or alternatively until the mineral has obtained some added value by processing in Peru.
It seems worth to compaire with "Jones Act", USA = Promotion and protection of the National Merchant Marine - of USA
Processes placed between the mine and its export port.
![[ img - pellets.jpg ]](imgp/pellets.jpg)
They do this simply because a mine does not want to pay for the transport of tons of earth and stones that have no value. That assumption is valid for any mineral like lead, zinc, copper or iron.
Iron for example is normally sold and transported as pellets or sponge iron = pure FE (ferro). It is the first refining step.
Being a process before export, the refinery (for example a steel plant) is naturally connected to the railway system - somewhere on the way between the mine and its port. The degree of refinement and post-processing: from raw material, to bars, blocks, rods, plates, sheets or tubes, etc. is a matter of the market and its prices.
Pellets explanation, Wikipedia: 'The process of pelletizing combines mixing of the raw material, forming the pellet and a thermal treatment baking the soft raw pellet to hard spheres. The raw material is rolled into a ball, then fired in a kiln or in travelling grate to sinter the particles into a hard sphere'.
There is a notable consumption of energy for the process.